The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration wrote on February 27th 2025:
Water vapor contributes substantially to Earth’s greenhouse effect, and recent large wildfires and volcanic eruptions have caused a jump in stratospheric water vapor abundance over Lauder, New Zealand.
Under clear skies, upper atmospheric water vapor absorbs more than half of outgoing longwave radiation. Even small changes in its abundance have a significant impact on surface temperatures and induce decadal variability in greenhouse gas forcing. GML’s long-term upper atmospheric water vapor records offer insight into interhemispheric differences in atmospheric dynamics and sources of water vapor.
The Lauder record, compared with the 45-year record from Boulder, Colorado, shows little variability between 2004 and 2021. Since then, a large increase in water vapor over southern hemisphere midlatitudes has been observed, attributed primarily to the underwater Hunga Tonga–Hunga Haʻapai volcanic eruption (2022).
https://gml.noaa.gov/news/2025/gmls-20-year-water-vapor-record-at-lauder-new-zealand.html
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Global temperatures increased dramatically alongside the water vapor increase and other natural and man made factors.
As Dr Roy Spencer wrote in October 2023 : https://www.drroyspencer.com/2023/10/uah-global-temperature-update-for-september-2023-0-90-deg-c/
https://www.drroyspencer.com/latest-global-temperatures/
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